Neurodiversity-Affirming Language

Neurodiversity-Affirming Language: A Guide for Inclusive Education

Neurodiversity-affirming language is not just a set of rules—it’s a way of thinking that can fundamentally reshape how we view and support every learner. By choosing words that recognise and celebrate neurological differences, educators can help create classrooms where every student feels valued. This guide offers a deep dive into neurodiversity-affirming language, exploring when and how to use terms like “autistic” versus “a person with autism,” discussing related issues like ableism, and offering practical strategies to embed inclusive communication in everyday practice.

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1. Embracing the Impact of Language

Imagine a classroom where every word used affirms the diversity of thought and learning styles. For many neurodivergent learners, language is not simply communication—it’s a gateway to self-acceptance. I recall a teacher who transformed her classroom’s atmosphere by carefully choosing her words. Instead of describing students as “suffering from autism” or “disordered,” she embraced terms that acknowledged the unique strengths and perspectives of her learners. This conscious shift in vocabulary not only boosted engagement but also fostered a culture of pride and empowerment.

The power of language lies in its ability to build or break down self-esteem. When educators adopt affirming language, they replace deficit-focused narratives with strength-based descriptions, paving the way for deeper self-respect among students and a more inclusive educational experience for everyone.

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2. Identity-First vs. Person-First Language: Navigating the Debate

One of the most common discussions within the neurodiverse community is the choice between identity-first and person-first language—specifically when to use terms like “autistic” versus “a person with autism.” Here’s a closer look at this debate:

• Identity-First Language (e.g., “autistic person”):
  Many in the neurodivergent community feel that autism is an integral part of who they are. For these individuals, using identity-first language affirms their identity and challenges the notion that autism is an external flaw. When you say “autistic student,” it reinforces the idea that being autistic is a natural variation in human neurology.
• Person-First Language (e.g., “person with autism”):
  Traditionally, person-first language was introduced to emphasise the individual before their diagnosis, suggesting that a condition does not define the person. While this approach can be effective in certain contexts, some neurodivergent individuals feel that it inadvertently implies that autism is something separable from their identity, rather than a core aspect of who they are.

When to Use Which?
The key is to listen and ask. Preferences vary widely, even among those with lived experience of autism or other neurodivergent conditions. If a student, parent, or colleague expresses a preference for identity-first language, honour that choice. When in doubt, consider engaging in a respectful dialogue about language preferences and be willing to adapt your vocabulary to meet individual needs.

Avoiding Ableism Through Language:
Ableism in language involves using terms that suggest inferiority or deficiency. Phrases like “suffering from autism” or “afflicted by autism” can unintentionally perpetuate negative stereotypes. Instead, use language that recognises differences without assigning a value judgment. For instance, saying “a neurodiverse learner” or “an autistic student” (if that is the preference) centres the conversation around diversity and inclusion rather than limitation.

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3. A Glossary of Neurodiversity-Affirming Terms

Below is a table designed to serve as a living glossary—a reference tool that educators can use to ensure that their language is both respectful and empowering.

Term	Description	Preferred Usage
Neurodiversity	The concept that neurological differences are natural variations of the human brain rather than deficits or disorders.	Use as an umbrella term to celebrate cognitive diversity.
Neurodivergent	Describes individuals whose neurological makeup deviates from what is considered typical, including autism, ADHD, dyslexia, etc.	Use as an identity-first term if that is the individual’s preference.
Neurotypical	Refers to individuals whose neurological development aligns with societal expectations; it should be used neutrally without implying superiority.	Use to describe the majority without suggesting it is the ideal.
Affirming Language	Language that validates and empowers an individual’s identity, emphasising strengths rather than deficits.	Employ in all educational and administrative communications.
Person-First Language	A linguistic approach that places the individual before their diagnosis (e.g., “person with autism”).	Use when the individual prefers this form; always ask for preferences.
Identity-First Language	A linguistic approach that integrates the diagnosis with the identity (e.g., “autistic person”).	Use when preferred by the individual as a sign of embracing their identity.
Ableism	Discriminatory or prejudicial attitudes and language that devalue individuals with disabilities.	Avoid language that implies deficiency or suffering.
Strengths-Based Approach	An approach that focuses on the positive attributes and unique abilities of neurodivergent individuals rather than their challenges.	Use in lesson planning, assessments, and feedback sessions.
Neuroaffirmative	Approach that actively supports and celebrates neurodivergent ways of being.	Use in policy development and classroom practice.
Sensory Differences	Variations in how individuals process sensory information.	Replace “sensory issues” or “sensory problems.”
Special Interests	Topics or activities that bring joy and deep engagement.	Replace “obsessions” or “fixations.”
Stimming	Self-regulatory behaviour that helps with emotional regulation and sensory processing.	Replace “repetitive behaviours” or “unusual movements.”
Executive Functioning	Brain processes that help with organisation, planning, and task completion.	Replace “lazy” or “unmotivated.”
Processing Time	The time needed to understand and respond to information.	Replace “slow” or “unresponsive.”
Communication Style	Individual ways of expressing thoughts and feelings.	Replace “communication deficits” or “language disorder.”
Masking	Conscious or unconscious suppression of natural behaviours to conform to social expectations.	Replace “trying to be normal” or “good behaviour.”
Co-occurring	Conditions that appear together	Replace “comorbid” or “suffering from.”
Support Needs	Specific areas where assistance may be helpful	Replace “low/high functioning” or “severe/mild.”
Regulation Tools	Items or strategies that help with emotional and sensory regulation	Replace “fidgets” or “toys.”
Accommodations	Adjustments that enable equal access and participation	Replace “special treatment” or “extras.”

4. Practical Strategies for Using Neurodiversity-Affirming Language

Integrating affirming language into your educational practice takes both intention and ongoing effort. Here are some actionable strategies to help you navigate the complexities of language use:

• Listen First:
  Begin by asking students, parents, and colleagues about their preferred language. Engage in conversations that allow you to understand individual experiences and preferences.
• Educate Yourself:
  Invest in professional development opportunities, such as workshops and webinars, that focus on neurodiversity and inclusive communication. Read current research and follow thought leaders who specialise in this area.
• Review and Revise Materials:
  Audit your classroom materials and communications to identify language that may be inadvertently ableist. Replace deficit-focused phrases with strength-based language that highlights the diverse abilities of your students.
• Model Inclusive Language:
  Consistently use affirming language in your interactions. Let your language reflect respect and understanding, whether you’re preparing lesson plans, communicating with parents, or leading class discussions.
• Create Open Dialogues:
  Facilitate discussions on the power of language in the classroom. Encourage students to share their thoughts on how certain words make them feel, and work together to establish a shared vocabulary that respects everyone’s identity.
• Advocate for Change:
  Use your platform as an educator to promote systemic changes in language use within your school or community. Share resources, lead initiatives, and support policies that uphold neurodiversity-affirming practices.

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5. Confronting Ableism: Beyond Terminology

Ableism in language goes beyond individual word choices—it reflects and reinforces broader societal biases that can marginalise neurodivergent individuals. Here are some considerations and practical steps to help dismantle ableist language in educational settings:

• Recognise Implicit Bias:
  Understand that even seemingly neutral terms can carry historical baggage. Reflect on your own language habits and be willing to change.
• Avoid Stigmatising Phrases:
  Phrases such as “suffering from autism” or “overcoming a disability” can imply that neurodivergence is something to be fixed or pitied. Instead, focus on language that affirms diversity, such as “embracing neurodiverse strengths.”
• Challenge Stereotypes:
  Encourage classroom discussions that debunk myths and stereotypes about neurodivergence. Use real-life examples and case studies that highlight the unique contributions of neurodivergent individuals.
• Promote Positive Representations:
  Integrate stories, media, and role models into your curriculum that portray neurodivergent individuals in a positive, empowering light. This helps to counteract the negative images often perpetuated by mainstream discourse.
• Support a Culture of Respect:
  Advocate for language policies that promote inclusion and respect across your school or institution. This could involve revising written guidelines, providing regular training sessions, or creating a forum for ongoing dialogue.

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6. Real-World Examples: Learning from Experience

To understand the real impact of these practices, consider these illustrative examples from educational settings:

Example 1: Transforming Classroom Dialogue
A middle school teacher, Ms. Lopez, initiated a project where students shared personal stories about their learning journeys. By inviting neurodivergent students to describe themselves in their own words—whether as “autistic” or “a person with autism”—she fostered a dialogue that respected individual identity. The project led to increased empathy among peers and a deeper understanding of the varied ways in which students experience learning.

Example 2: Policy and Practice in Action
At an inclusive high school, the administration introduced a policy encouraging the use of neurodiversity-affirming language in all school communications. Workshops were held to discuss the nuances of identity-first versus person-first language, and materials were updated to remove ableist phrases. The policy improved internal communications and resonated with parents and the broader community, reinforcing the school’s commitment to inclusion.

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Final Thoughts

The journey toward using neurodiversity-affirming language is ongoing and dynamic. By paying close attention to how we talk about autism—whether using identity-first language like “autistic” or person-first language like “a person with autism”—we can help dismantle harmful stereotypes and combat ableism. The choices we make every day, in our lesson plans, classroom conversations, and institutional policies, have the power to foster a culture of inclusion and respect.

This guide is intended as a resource for educators and advocates alike. Share it with your colleagues, discuss it with your community, and let it serve as a starting point for a deeper commitment to neurodiversity-affirming practices. When every word we speak builds up rather than breaks down, we contribute to an educational environment where all learners can thrive.

References

Bottini SB, Morton HE, Buchanan KA, Gould K. Moving from Disorder to Difference: A Systematic Review of Recent Language Use in Autism Research. Autism Adulthood. 2024 Jun 17;6(2):128-140. doi: 10.1089/aut.2023.0030. PMID: 39144072; PMCID: PMC11319857.