Executive Functioning: A Guide for Teachers

Executive functioning refers to the cognitive processes that enable us to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. It includes skills like working memory, mental flexibility, and self-control. Students rely on these skills to regulate their behaviour, organise their thoughts, and problem-solve.

Executive functioning skills start developing in early childhood and continue maturing into a person’s 20s and 30s. These skills are crucial for success in school and life. Students with poorer executive functioning may struggle with the following:

Paying attention and avoiding distractions
Organising their schoolwork and managing time
Planning and prioritising tasks
Getting started on and completing work
Regulating emotions and behaviour

Research shows that executive functioning gaps are common in disorders like ADHD, autism, and dyslexia. Any child can struggle with aspects of executive functioning due to high-stress levels, trauma, or simply needing more time to mature.

Why Executive Function Matters in School

Executive skills allow students to:

Focus, process information, and shift approaches
Plan shortand long-term assignments
Organise materials and thoughts coherently
Initiate work and stay on track to complete it
Monitor their own progress and adapt as needed
Manage frustration, control impulses, and solve social problems

Without strong executive skills, students will struggle to actively engage in lessons, follow directions, keep track of materials, retain content, do homework, study for tests, and more. Weak executive functioning can mimic issues with motivation, comprehension, memory or behaviour.

Executive Functioning TED talk

Identifying Gaps in Executive Functioning Skills

The following are signs a student may be struggling with executive functioning but some are just part of being a child or teenager!

Poor impulse control and emotional regulation
Messy and disorganised schoolwork and desks
Forgetfulness of materials, instructions or deadlines
Failure to check work for completion and accuracy
Difficulty planning, prioritising or sequencing tasks
Trouble starting or finishing work promptly
Lacking strategies for solving problems independently

Use questionnaires, behaviour rating scales, formal tests, and observation to pinpoint areas of weakness. Compare school and home observations for consistency across settings. To pinpoint areas of weakness, you can use questionnaires, behaviour rating scales, formal tests, and observation. You can also compare school and home observations for consistency across settings. It is important to partner with parents to get a comprehensive view of the child’s needs.

What are these methods used for?

Questionnaires: Questionnaires can be used to gather information about the child’s behaviour, academic performance, and social skills.
Behaviour rating scales: Behavior rating scales are used to assess the severity of specific behaviours.
Formal tests: Formal tests are used to measure the child’s cognitive, academic, and language skills.
Observation: Observation can be used to assess the child’s behaviour in different settings, such as at home, at school, and in the community.

Strategies to Support Executive Skills

Environmental Adaptations

Post visual schedules and consistent class routines
Allow movement breaks to recharge mental focus
Designate areas for quiet work and group work
Use checklists and organisation systems for materials
Provide fidget items to occupy hands

Instructional Accommodations

Give step-by-step instructions, modelled routines
Present information in multiple ways
Provide written/visual aids and study guides
Break longer learning activities into chunks
Allow alternate response options besides writing

Time Management Approaches

Use timers, clocks, visual schedules of tasks/days
Prompt students to allocate time for each assignment section
Teach estimating time needs, prioritising steps, and meeting deadlines

Organisation Techniques for Executive Functioning

Colour code materials by subject or type
Use assignment notebooks, planners, and reminders
Have students track assignments on calendars
Use checklists for project steps and material needs

Emotional & Behaviour Regulation

Teach self-monitoring strategies
Provide low arousal calm-down areas and social stories
Offer sensory tools like stress balls and headphones
Role-play emotional scenarios and problem-solving

Goal Setting & Self-Monitoring

Set goals with students for what to accomplish
Create individual behaviour report cards
Have students self-evaluate work against a simple rubric
Discuss executive skill growth areas with students
Recognise and praise effort and strategy use

Developing Executive Functioning Skills Schoolwide

At a strategic school-wide level, leaders can develop policies and practices that can enhance all students’ executive skills including:

Explicitly teaching and modelling EF and social skills
Providing EF interventions and accommodations
Ensuring staff are trauma-informed
Offering visual support tools in all classes
Providing training to staff on promoting Executive Functioning skills

While some students have more significant needs, all students can benefit from direct instruction, models, and support around executive skill development. With a multi-tiered approach, schools can fully promote executive functioning.

How to Teach Executive Functioning Skills

Here are strategies for teaching executive functioning skills to SEN and primary school-age children:

Visual Schedules:
- What: Visual schedules are visual representations of daily routines or tasks.
- How:
  - Create a simple chart or use pictures to depict the sequence of activities (e.g., waking up, brushing teeth, getting dressed, breakfast).
  - Hang the schedule in a visible place (e.g., bedroom or kitchen).
  - Encourage the child to follow the schedule independently.
- Why: Visual cues help children understand expectations and transitions, promoting organization and time management.
Memory Games:
- What: Memory games enhance working memory, which is crucial for retaining information.
- How:
  - Play classic memory card games (matching pairs).
  - Use flashcards with numbers, letters, or words.
  - Gradually increase the complexity of the game.
- Why: Strengthening working memory improves focus and problem-solving abilities.
Role-Playing:
- What: Role-playing allows children to practice problem-solving and planning.
- How:
  - Choose scenarios (e.g., planning a picnic, solving a mystery).
  - Assign roles (child, parent, friend).
  - Encourage creative thinking and decision-making.
- Why: Role-playing fosters cognitive flexibility and social skills.

Teaching Executive Function Skills to Older Students

If you are teaching executive functioning skills to older students the following strategies will help support them.

Planners and Calendars:
- What: Introduce students to planners, digital calendars, or apps.
- How:
  - Teach them to record assignments, deadlines, and extracurricular activities.
  - Set aside time each day to review and update their planner.
  - Encourage colour-coding for different subjects or tasks.
- Why: Organising tasks and managing time effectively are crucial for academic success.
Goal Setting:
- What: Help students learn the art of setting realistic goals.
- How:
  - Discuss short-term and long-term goals (e.g., completing a project, or improving a skill).
  - Break down goals into smaller, achievable steps.
  - Monitor progress and celebrate milestones.
- Why: Goal-setting encourages motivation, perseverance, and a growth mindset.
Self-Reflection:
- What: Encourage students to reflect on their actions and strategies.
- How:
  - After completing a task or project, ask questions like:
    - What went well?
    - What could be improved?
    - How can you approach similar tasks differently next time?
  - Discuss strategies for self-improvement.
- Why: Self-awareness and adaptability lead to continuous growth.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Executive Functioning

What is executive functioning?

What are some examples of executive functioning skills?

Some critical skills include:

Working memory holding information in mind and using it to complete a task
Inhibitory control resisting temptations or impulsive behaviour
Shifting between tasks or thoughts flexibly
Emotional control managing emotions and behaviour appropriately
Planning and prioritising
Organising materials and thoughts
Time management
Task initiation
Self-monitoring checking work and progress

When do executive functioning skills develop?

Executive functioning begins developing in early childhood and continues maturing into a person’s 20s and 30s. The prefrontal cortex of the brain, responsible for complex cognitive tasks, develops throughout adolescence and into adulthood.

Why are executive functioning skills important for children?

Executive functioning skills allow children to regulate behaviour, pay attention, retain and apply new information, plan and organize schoolwork, and problem-solve. Strong executive skills lead to greater success academically and socially.

What disorders are associated with executive functioning deficits?

Poor executive functioning is common in disorders like ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, learning disabilities, OCD, and PTSD. However, any child can struggle with aspects of executive functioning.

What are the signs of executive functioning difficulties in children?

Signs may include poor emotional control, disorganization, inability to begin or complete tasks, lack of planning, problems prioritizing and managing time, forgetfulness, difficulty staying on topic, and inflexible thinking.

What can schools do to support executive functioning?

Schools can provide organizational systems, modify instruction and assignments to meet needs, allow movement breaks, teach executive skills explicitly, offer alternate response options, use visual aids, and promote emotional regulation.

What strategies can help improve executive functioning at home?

Strategies like visual schedules, timers, checklists, organization systems, written/picture cues, minimizing clutter, breaking tasks into steps, rewarding effort, and practising following instructions can help build executive skills.

Are there resources to help with executive functioning difficulties?

There are occupational therapists, school psychologists, specialists, executive functioning coaching services, and books that can provide support. Apps and assistive technology tools are also available.

Do executive functioning difficulties lead to lifelong challenges?

With early support, appropriate interventions, accommodations, and continued skill building, many individuals make major improvements in executive functioning over time. However, deficits may persist into adulthood depending on the severity.

References

Zelazo, P.D., Blair, C.B., and Willoughby, M.T. (2016). Executive Function: Implications for Education. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education1

Anderson, V. (2002). Executive function in children: Introduction. Child Neuropsychology, 8 (2), 69–702

Shaul, S., and Schwartz, M. (2014). The role of the executive functions in school readiness among preschool-age children. Reading and Writing, 27 (4), 749–768.

Ferrier, D.E., Bassett, H.H., and Denham, S.A. (2014). Relations between executive function and emotionality in preschoolers: Exploring a transitive cognition-emotion linkage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 487.

Riggs, N.R., Greenberg, M.T., Kusche, C.A., and Pentz, M.A. (2010). The mediational role of neurocognition in the behavioral outcomes of a social-emotional prevention program in elementary school students: Effects of the PATHS curriculum. Prevention Science, 11 (1), 91–102.

What is Executive Functioning?